Thermal and Low Oxygen Tolerance of a Southern Population of Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis)

Climate change projections estimate a 2-3°C increase in water temperatures by the end of the century. The amount of habitat with suitable temperature and oxygen concentration for aquatic organisms will also be reduced. Striped bass (Morone saxatilis) inhabiting the rivers in Southeastern Georgia make an interesting study system as they do not participate in summer coastal migrations typical of their northern conspecifics. Instead, fish in this southern population remain in freshwater environments that experience warming and decreases in dissolved oxygen. The present study aims to determine the thermal and low oxygen tolerance of juvenile striped bass collected from southeast Georgia through the measurement of aerobic metabolic scope (AMS), loss of equilibrium (LOEcrit), and critical oxygen tension (Pcrit). Fish were acclimated to one of four experimental temperatures (20, 25, 30, and 33°C), representing the range of temperatures typical of the natural environment in the summer as well as the anticipated increase in temperature due to climate change (33°C). Additionally, plasma samples were analyzed for lactate levels to assess the metabolic state of the fish. Results indicate fish acclimated to 30 and 33°C have reduced performance (lower AMS) and low oxygen tolerance (LOEcrit). The findings of this study determined that southern striped bass are susceptible to projected increases in temperature where an increase of 3°C will push them close to the thermal lethal limit and lower their ability to survive in hypoxic environments

Negative and positive masked-priming – implications for motor inhibition

Masked stimuli can prime responses to subsequent target stimuli, causing response benefits when the prime is similar to the target. However, one masked-prime paradigm has produced counter-intuitive negative compatibility effects (NCE), such that performance costs occur when prime and target are similar. This NCE has been interpreted as an index of an automatic self-inhibition mechanism that suppresses the partial motor activation caused by the prime. However, several alternative explanations for the NCE have been proposed and supported by new evidence. As a framework for discussion, I divide the original theory into five potentially separable issues and briefly examine each with regard to alternative theories and current evidence. These issues are: 1) whether the NCE is caused by motor inhibition or perceptual interactions; 2) whether inhibition is self-triggered or stimulus-triggered; 3) whether prime visibility plays a causal role; 4) whether there is a threshold for triggering inhibition; 5) whether inhibition is automatic. Lastly, I briefly consider why NCEs have not been reported in other priming paradigms, and what the neural substrate for any automatic motor inhibition might be

Pau-rosa - Aniba rosaeodora Ducke.

Pau-rosa: distribuição geográfica; variabilidade, silvicultura, produtividade no Estado do Amazonas (Brasil).bitstream/CPAA-2009-09/4322/1/Folder_Pau-rosa.pd

Competition law in Latin America: markets, politics, expertise

What are the ideas, institutions and actors involved in the development of competition law regimes in Latin America, and how do the interactions between them shape these regimes? In this dissertation we offer a new way of understanding the trajectories of this area of law in Latin America, and especially in Chile, Colombia and Chile. We argue that the competition law regimes of these countries are shaped by a tension between two “projects”, that is, networks of individuals and institutions organized towards the promotion of certain ideas about what competition law is about. These are the State-centered competition law project and its counterpart, the neoliberal competition law project. The first views the State as a tool for collective transformation, and hence responsible for how markets work, while the latter is about protecting individual freedom and enabling economic efficiency by shaping the State around such goals. The first Latin American regimes were similar in their State-centered outlook and resulted from similar field dynamics. The advance of the neoliberal competition law project in the 1990s (in Chile since the 1970s) placed each regime on its own path. In Chile, the transformation of competition law institutions exemplifies the indeterminacy within the neoliberal project. In Colombia, field dynamics prevented the development of neoliberal institutions, but enforcers have developed a de facto neoliberal practice. In Mexico competition law became a tool for challenging abuses of sheer economic power. More recently, international organizations are driving the global outreach of these regimes by promoting their convergence, with limited success. Overall, the argument we advance in this dissertation overcomes particular limitations found in the literature about this topic and offers a more nuanced understanding about the origins and trajectories of competition law in this region

A biodiversidade amazônica sem mitos.

Diversidade vegetal. Potencial da biodiversidade. Biodiversidade e biopirataria.bitstream/item/46475/1/Doc-36.pd

Ações da Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental na área ambiental.

A Embrapa entende que a melhor estratégia de saneamento ambiental é a prevenção

Visual similarity in masking and priming: The critical role of task relevance

Cognitive scientists use rapid image sequences to study both the emergence of conscious perception (visual masking) and the unconscious processes involved in response preparation (masked priming). The present study asked two questions: (1) Does image similarity influence masking and priming in the same way? (2) Are similarity effects in both tasks governed by the extent of feature overlap in the images or only by task-relevant features? Participants in Experiment 1 classified human faces using a single dimension even though the faces varied in three dimensions (emotion, race, sex). Abstract geometric shapes and colors were tested in the same way in Experiment 2. Results showed that similarity reduced the visibility of the target in the masking task and increased response speed in the priming task, pointing to a double-dissociation between the two tasks. Results also showed that only task-relevant (not objective) similarity influenced masking and priming, implying that both tasks are influenced from the beginning by intentions of the participant. These findings are interpreted within the framework of a reentrant theory of visual perception. They imply that intentions can influence object formation prior to the separation of vision for perception and vision for action

The negative compatibility effect: A case for self-inhibition

In masked priming, a briefly presented prime stimulus is followed by a mask, which in turn is followed by the task-relevant target. Under certain conditions, negative compatibility effects (NCNCEs) occur, with impaired performance on compatible trials (where prime and target indicate the same response) relative to incompatible trials (where they indicate opposite responses). However, the exact boundary conditions of NCEs, and hence the functional significance of this effect, are still under discussion. In particular, it has been argued that the NCE might be a stimulus-specific phenomenon of little general interest. This paper presents new findings indicating that the NCE can be obtained under a wider variety of conditions, suggesting that it reflects more general processes in motor control. In addition, evidence is provided suggesting that prime identification levels in forced choice tasks – usually employed to estimate prime visibility in masked prime tasks – are affected by prior experience with the prime (Exp. 1) as well as by direct motor priming (Exp. 2 & 3)

Levantamento preliminar das dicotiledôneas da Amazônia Brasileira.

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